Hasan of Basra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hasan Al-Basri (Arabic: الحسن البصري; full name: Al-Hasan ibn Abi-l-Hasan al-Basri), (642–728), was a well-known Sunni preacher, theologian, and scholar of Islam who was born in 642 from Persian[1][2] parents. Brought up in the house of Umm Salama, Hasan met many companions of Muhammad including, it is said, seventy of the warriors who fought in the Battle of Badr. Hasan grew up to become one of the most prominent figures of his generation, being famous for his piety and condemnation of worldliness. When he died on Friday 5th of Rajab 110 AH, at the age of 89, the entire population of Basra attended his funeral, so that the first time in history of Basra the Jami Masjid of the city remained empty at the hour of the Asr prayer.[3]Hasan quickly became an exemplar for other saints in the area and his personality made a deep impression upon his contemporaries.[4]
Biography
Hasan's father, Peroz, was made a prisoner at the town of Maysan, in Iraq. He was later brought toMedina, where he met Khayra, who was to be Hasan's mother. According to tradition, Hasan was born inMedina in 642 C.E.[5] He grew up in and around the area but later, after the Battle of Siffin, decided to move to Basra. As a young man, Hasan took part in the conquests and campaigns in eastern Iran, but he became a famous personality after denouncing arrogance and sin to take up life as pious Muslim in Basra.
Hasan's sermons played an integral part in confirming his status as one of the most notable scholars of the area. In his sermons, Hasan warned his fellow citizens of the dangers of committing sin, and commanded them to regulate their whole life in a more pious manner. These sermons, of which only fragments have been preserved, are considered to be among the outstanding examples of early Arabicprose.[6] Some scholars have remarked upon the vivid images that Hasan developed in his sermons and it is because of this that anthologists grouped Hasan's sermons with the speeches of political leaders as models of style and some of his sermons have even found their way into the early Arab dictionaries.
Historical documents do not record much from Hasan's early years. One of the earliest instances concerning Hasan is his conversion. Hasan was a jewel merchant and was called Hasan of the Pearls.Attar narrates that he traded with Byzantium and with the Caesar, on one occasion, going to Byzantium, Hasan called on the prime minister and conversed with him for a while, after which Hasan and the minister mounted a horse and set off to reach a mysterious desert. It was at this desert, after witnessing a vision involving an army, some philosophers, a group of sages and some fair maidens that Hasan converted, devoting himself to all manner of devotions and austerities, "such that no man in his time could exceed that discipline".[7]
Attar, in his Memorial of the Saints, narrates that Hasan had a neighbour named Simeon who was a fire-worshipper. When Simeon fell ill and was nearing death, Hasan visited the aged man and warned him to "fear God" and told him to finish his life by asking for forgiveness. Simeon answered that he had been a fire-worshipper for over seventy years, but Hasan remained persistent and told him to end his life by accepting the belief in God. Simeon, with much weeping, accepted and told Hasan: “When I die, bid them wash me, then commit me to the earth with your own hands, and place this document in my hand. This document will be my proof.” Feeling guilt at forcing someone to convert, Hasan fell asleep much distressed. That night, Hasan witnessed a miraculous dream: he saw Simeon "glowing like a candle; on his head a crown, robed in fine raiment, he was walking with a smile in the garden of Paradise." Hasan was struck with awe, and asked Simeon of his fate, to which Simeon thanked Hasan for his warning and gave him back the paper with the declaration of faith. When Hasan awoke, he saw the parchment in his hand and began to contemplate, thanking the Lord for His mercy and asking for forgiveness.[8]
Hasan did not take sides in the Ibn al-Zubair's revolt.[9] In 700 CE he joined the camp of Ibn al-Ash'ath during his revolt,[10][11] Hasan is not known to have supported any Caliph after Abu Bakr,[12] but he was on decent terms with Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. After the revolt Hasan became a teacher in Basra and founded a school there. Among his many followers were Amr Ibn Ubayd (d.761) and Wasil ibn Ata (d.749), the founder of the Mu'tazilites – which name derives from Arabic verb i'tizàl ("to part from", "to separate from"), Wasil ibn Ata having broken all relations with his ancient Master.[13] Among Hasan's juristic students were the Imam Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani and also Humayd.[14] Hasan's other companions included fellow saint Farqad as-Sabakhi, an Armenian Christian convert to Islam.[15]
Under the reign of Caliph 'Abd al-Malik and his governor in Iraq al-Hajjaj, Hasan came to oppose the inherited caliphate of the Umayyads (r. 660–750).[16] Hasan held to a doctrine of human free will, but did not reject the predestination as rejection of predestination constitutes disbelief in Islam, Hasan was a great supporter of asceticism in the time of its first development. Hasan was also held in high regard by theSufis for his asceticism,[17] though he predated Sufism as a self-aware movement.[18] Many writers testified to the purity of his life and to his excelling in the virtues of Muhammad's own companions.[19]
[edit]Apocryphal Writings
He is associated with the authorship of several epistles, many of which are known to be forged.[20] Among the forgeries is an epistle to Abd al-Malik espousing human free will, first attested by Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad (d. 415 / 1024);[21] which survives in three MSS.[22] This epistle, despite claiming "some of the ... best examples of Arabic linguistic prose style",[23] is based on the theology of al-Rassi's Kitab al-Radd and on the politics of the Zaydi Shi'a; that is, it comes from Abd al-Jabbar's circle if not from Abd al-Jabbar himself.[24]
